The following is a list of items I used to build the drying box: Large moving box (18″ x 18″ x 24″), Carbon. 1. To make a drying room for Cannabis you need, compulsorily: Hydrogen peroxide, isopropyl alcohol or vinegar. The 722 heats up in 30 seconds and offers a large volume of convection-based vapor. extremely ideal for cannabis drying via moisture extraction rate. Begin by separating your buds on a well-aerated surface. 91% or greater Isopropyl alcohol diluted 30% with water is commonly used for tool and surface sanitation. If the bottom paper towel is wet, replace it. To begin the curing process, place the dried and trimmed buds in the airtight containers alongside the hygrometers. Put it all into your bags (filter or bubble bags). Store your syringes in a cold, dark place, safe from kids and pets, and dispense as required. Harvesting the marijuana plant. Don’t get your paper towel too wet, because excess moisture can lead to mold. Vacuum Drying & Curing. If you need a cannabis drying room in Boston, MA, speak to a representative today at 877-783-6774 or contact us. Darwin Chambers manufactures and installs drying chambers that can control temperature, air flow, additive humidity, and dehumidification at programmed (ramped. Keep it high while your plant is still small and lower by 5% each week until you reach about 45%. 4. 2. Break up any cannabis flower or “buds” you have into smaller pieces. (Courtesy AC. Fill each container about three-quarters full and do not compact the buds, they should sit loosely in the container. 4 degrees Celsius) are ideal for cannabis, while temperatures above 88 degrees Fahrenheit (31. A vacuum pump then kicks in, sucking out the water vapor. Weight Limit: 150lbs. It is important to state that all SuperCloset Grow Boxes and Grow Rooms can act as a good drying cabinet in and of themselves. After taking a clone of a plant, you’ll need to put a foam collar around it—which holds the clone in place. it should take almost 1-2week to dry the buds (depending on the size and density). Search titles only; Posted by Member: Separate names with a comma. Curing is a long but necessary step toward the highest possible quality of the smoke. Caring for growing weed plants can take a lot of your time and require a lot of care, but once you perceive the fragrant buds, you. Indoors. Line inside of cabinet with mylar (reflective material) Hang T5 grow light to inside-top of cabinet with rope rachets. One way to make a lasting impression is through well-thought-out. Spread the flower buds across the baking sheet to create an even layer. Yesterday’s Grow Talk inspired me to share my dry tent set up. There’s also the potential to drop in a WiFi or BT-capable Ardunio. . No shake, no overdrying – and no burping jars. Seal the contents of each in separate jars with hygrometers. Which brings the temperature back. INCREASE YOUR DRYING SPEED. Allow us to shed more light below. We have a new addition to our line-up of Best Dry Herb Vapes in 2022, the AirVape Legacy PRO, which has taken our number one spot from the MIGHTY. maexsktao Herb Drying Rack 2ft 4-Layer Mesh Hanging Dryer Net,Plant Drying Rack Green Zipper Can Dry Plants, Herbal, Hanging Weed Drying net Banding Free Garden Scissors and Garden Gloves. The ice formed during the solid phase sublimates directly off the sample for a finished product that maintains its original shape, size, color. Understanding Curing Chambers. I've dried many times in a 2x2x3 tent. 9″ deep. 9K. 400+ bought in past month. Hygrometer and digital. I used wooden sticks to anchor the strings to the side of the box by tying the string around the stick, then pushing the string through the box, securing it with another stick at the far end of the box. Hydrogen dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxyacetic acid are commonly used to clean plants and/or surfaces. Cannafreeze is a revolutionary method for Drying and Curing Cannabis in 16 - 24 hours. 7″ wide x 12. Optimal Cannabis Drying Environment: Room Temperature – 60-70°F (16-21°C) 50-60% HumidityIncrease the pressure to whatever level you like, hold for a moment, then release. FREE delivery Mon, Oct 30 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon. Simple Homemade Drying Chamber and Screens. Step 4: germination and cannabis seedlings. I set the refrigerator’s own control to maximum cooling. Low heat and pressures in a vacuum oven keep the BHO concentrate viscous, removing traces of butane for a longer period. Take a cookie sheet or an oven tray and bake the buds for 10 minutes at 150 to 200° Fahrenheit (or 65-95° Celsius). Vaporizing dry cannabis buds reduces the potential damage smoking does to your lungs and the entire respiratory system. Try to bend a medium-sized stem. Remove the water, and not only are filtration properties lost, smoking will likely burn your throat and taste worse. With its easy-to-use design and well-built body, the Miqro-C is the weed vape we find ourselves grabbing for a quick dog walk or late-night stroll. Discussion in 'Micro Grows' started by 5thgear, Aug 4, 2010. Post Cancel. Place the baking tray into the center of a preheated. If you're looking for a cannabis drying room in Albuquerque, NM, speak to a representative today at 877-783-6774 or. Next get some cannabis and trim it up. com I’ve been developing procedures and equipment for cannabis ethanol extraction for quite a while now, so I thought it would be helpful to show the community how the ethanol recovery process works and provide DIY options that. The cannabis drying rooms manufactured and installed by Darwin Chambers are built to meet the specific needs and requirements of every business, product, or specialty, and to do so without compromising any of the performance or reliability. Place the baking tray in the oven and set the timer to 45-50 minutes, depending on how dry your weed is. It is important that the flowers are arranged on steel shelves without being crushed and with great care. A Grinder with a Kief Catcher. I cut two slots in the side of the cup with the drainage slots and inserted a bamboo skewer. The ideal temperature of a cannabis drying room ranges from 55 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit (12. You can’t rush through or force the process and expect to have a good batch of bud. Work 1 outlet controls temperature; Work 2 controls humidity. Darwin Chambers designs and produces cannabis drying rooms that prevent mold and mildew while also replicating and maintaining the critical processes that are required to protect cannabinoid levels needed for a quality product. Like x 1. 420 Staff. Darwin Chambers designs and manufactures cannabis curing and drying rooms. Shipping container grow room design ideas. 0-10 Plant Drying Box. Kopchak lowers the cannabis into the drying chamber before hitting with liquid nitrogen. The total power draw for Cann Drying Systems’ turnkey chambers average 11 kWh on a CDS-10 to 200 kWh on a CDS-225, including the DH unit, fans, controls, and sensors required for a precision dry cycle. So-called freeze drying (also known as lyophilisation) is a technique commonly used to preserve perishable foods through dehydration. After the oil has cooled, draw the warm mixture up into large needleless syringes and allow the mixture to cool into a thick grease like substance that you can easily squeeze out of the syringe. will drying the BUD using the dry chamber effect the potency compared to the old school hang and dry method. Check every 15 minutes. Potassium bicarbonate is another must-have in your arsenal against WPM. Hello Everyone. Grows: Blueberry 420 & Super Skunk, GH & Sunshine Mix. Cannabis Drying Technologies. The drying and curing process causes weed buds to smell better and for effects to feel more potent. The one you go with will depend on preference and available resources. 15. . A method for drying cannabis plant material is provided. $1699. Select a sturdy wood suitable for construction – like pine or cedar – and cut two pieces at 1 foot in length, two. The issue is the box is cardboard so its super dry and absorbs the moisture from the plants. 2945 Washington Ave. Flat white walls or materials like Panda Paper also help light bounce back onto the plant. Hang the “S” from the ceiling of your grow space, such as the scaffolding of your grow tent, for example. Carefully peel a strip of citrus skin. Boveda is incredibly easy to use for individual growers and industrial-scale producers. The first step is to cut a hole through the wall of the upper and lower chambers to join the. Step 1: Spread the food on a tray or plate without clumping it together. 80% of commercial growers use a humidity of between 55% & 62% to cure their cannabis, whereas Ed’s recommendations of a curing humidity of 50% – 55% fall below those percentages. +. Pressure and temperature are then altered to enable the solvent to dissolve the desired components of the plant. Psychrometry - the science of drying, helps to track moisture. Discover a range of grow systems, including The Armoire by Green Goddess Supply, ATS-42 Grow System, CryptoGrow's. Below that is the chamber where you’ll collect and store your kief. This prevents "dead spots" inside the chamber that experience limited airflow. To accommodate the lower RH, cooler temperatures will also help you maintain your ideal VPD. 5. Cryo Cure’s patented cannabis drying and curing process gives harvested cannabis that “fresh from the farm” feeling, preserving the color, smell, and texture lost during the typical weekslong curing process. That is why it takes so long to get rid of the “green” or grassy taste. The freeze-drying method holds the cannabis plant at temperatures far below those of air or oven, while removing the water content, in the form of vapor, via sublimation in a vacuum chamber. These drying systems consist of a correctly sized drum and a burner mounted in a concurrent configuration. Upon exposure to excess heat, these devices explode and release fire. 9,492 313 Oct 3, 2020 #5 a drying room. Grow room sanitization is more important than you might think. However, you can duct-tape the strings together if that works. Its time!Well. Non-programmed drying humidity levels should typically be between 45. Hundreds of the world’s top cannabis cultivators proudly use Boveda humidity control to easily cure and store their precious flowers. Chill 2 hours. Dry Tent hack. A good point to remember about drying and curing weed is that all good things take time. Gather your plant matter and put it into the bucket. The design of the box is pretty straightforward. 3. Clip the sugar leaves and remove unnecessary growth. Depending on the size of towel and Tupperware I have raised the RH from 35% to 70% doing this in the box. 00:31. Drying is one of the most critical stages in cannabis cultivation, helping to perfectly fine-tune your cannabis harvest. Carefully make incisions in the foil over your holes and fold the extra foil outwards for more coverage. Harvest is around the corner and if your smart, your beginning to plan where and how you will successf. Single Desiccators 1400 and 1600 Series. Airvape Legacy PRO. A curing chamber is an enclosed space where cannabis can be hung to dry. Put the dry ice, cannabis and ethanol into a small cooler. Gently swish the mix for 20 seconds. Strings. Growth Height 0 inches. Try to bend a medium-sized stem. The Grow Room. The G Pen Dash is a one-hitter vaporizer made for dry, ground herbs. Tape the probe end of each of the controls to the interior of the cure chamber, right at about the level that the meat will be hanging. Improved Efficiency. ”. Using a knife, carefully cut off a strip of citrus skin. 2. Harvesting second grow tomorrow and want to get the dry/cure right. Don’t touch the dry ice. From easy-to-use options for beginners to advanced hydroponic setups, find the perfect solution to grow high-quality cannabis at home. Simply, this involves drying fresh harvested weed in open jars or paper bags inside a fridge (at 7C/45F 45% RH). Once the water has drained, dig out a. Place your sous vide precision cooker in your pot filled with water and set the temperature to 200 to 240 degrees Fahrenheit. A Drying Cabinet is used to dry small volumes of cannabis buds of around 7 kg / 15 lbs. The raw concentrate is then poured onto parchment paper–lined vacuum oven trays to form the thin sheet “slab”-style consistency that shatter is known for. Our pick for best multi-chamber grow tent. Layer the pieces onto a rimmed baking tray lined with baking paper/parchment. Try it free. Step 3. 14 DIY Vacuum chamber. The product also comes with a metal “S”. The beveled edges in the Dart one hitter pipe chamber and pressure will help you to pack your one hitter perfectly. Each unit features a glass glazed, stainless steel heating chamber with three temperature settings. Make sure to leave some room for the buds to breathe. Allow the culture time to completely lyophilize (dry out). The concentrate you are trying to produce is going to dictate how to prep y. Drying and curing cannabis flowers takes time and patience, but the finished buds are worth the wait. Mix together cannabis and vegetable glycerin. Greenhouse Girls: Gelato, Super Skunk, Blueberry 420 & An Afghani. of dried cannabis per drying cycle. Add water and a lot of ice (regular or dry). Our sealed dry room chambers use advanced temperature control systems powered by the most advanced heat pump technology to maintain a consistent temperature that promotes proper drying and curing, while minimizing your energy bills and environmental impact. Buy brown craft paper. Grasscity Forums - The #1 Marijuana Community Online. Install the temperature and humidity controls. Place your open container of. If you have a Dart you can easily load your one hitter by pressing down and twisting. The controlling system is combined with a closed chamber advanced conditioning system, allowing the operator to set the preferred drying curve and. Rinse. Then, seal your containers tightly and store them in a cool, dark, and dry place. Isolates from external conditions DC Quickstart. Then, mount the control itself to the exterior of the fridge. Most boxes have two chambers and three pieces. Keep a fan at the bottom blowing below the buds. Food dehydrator – Run a cycle on a low temperature setting. Not only does a vacuum chamber or vacuum oven speed things up, but there are some things that you need one to accomplish. Spray drying is one of the most remarkable technologies currently to be applied to pharmaceuticals. Ideally, place your buds in a pitch-dark room or as close as you can to one. Type 304 Stainless Steel construction makes the. My drying method was, max drying power until a little crisp on the surface, turn fan off, wait a while until soft again, repeat until satisfied. The Harvest Right Freeze Dryer is a freeze drying system that features a user-friendly interface with real-time readings of temperature and pressure, as well as full control over temperature and pressure. If not, I ferment/dry in my bar fridge, then move to the curing chamber. Cannabis drying chambers greatly reduce the frequency of flower contamination by reducing how often the buds are exposed to external air and bacteria. Doing it fast with excellent terpene and cannabinoid retention is what we care about most. Now, cut everything you want to consume off of the branches. of wet cannabis into 33 lbs. Set up the misters. 00. This is the yeast doing its job producing carbon dioxide. Once you’ve finely ground the cannabis, place it on a cookie sheet and bake at 240°F (115°C) for 20-30 minutes. Cold Drying in Fridge (Lotus Cure) I've searched and seen a couple of people here are converts to the lotus cure method of drying weed. Step 1: Drill 2x 1/4″ holes 1″ down from the lip of the bucket. This stops any bacteria, Mold, Mildew, Viruses, Pests, Pollen etc etc, from affecting the. Attach the “standard e27 light fixture with cords on the roof of pc and direct the wiring to the back. A cannabis drying room is an enclosed area dedicated solely to the process of curing your harvested cannabis flowers. Harvesting. 14 DIY Vacuum chamber. Check the next day, then spray twice on second day,wait one day if still around repeat. How to Dry Your Weed. For an average 4 × 2ft hobby grow tent, for example, the calculation would look like this: 4ft (length) × 2ft (width) × 5ft (height) = 40ft³. Fill each container about three-quarters full and do not compact the buds, they should sit loosely in the container. Lower than that and your buds will dry out too quickly. #3. A cannabis drying chamber is a great way to dry your cannabis buds quickly and efficiently. Harvest, Preparation & Curing. Check Latest Price. The grower spreads fresh cannabis on each tray (1. At 64” tall, the tent affords enough room to propagate most smaller, bushier cultivars. . Darwin Chambers designs and produces cannabis drying rooms that replicate the drying and curing process of cannabis to ensure and maintain the proper levels of cannabinoids while also. Step 2: Once clean, we’ll make the modifications. 4. Here's a step-by-step guide for making cannabis coconut oil. Place the demijohn close you your plants. Fill up the chamber with water and nutrients. Overloading the Freeze Dryer: It is important not to overload the machine as this can lead to uneven drying and lower. Improve ventilation using a small fan. its called a lotus dry/cure View attachment 870820 View attachment 870821 those are plates of leaf i set under the condensers so the direct air wasnt blowing on the hanging colas those big colas are broke down as of earlier tonight and into dominoes pizza boxes and some other brown bags. Negative pressure on the flower pulls moisture gently to the surface allowing it to evaporate at the same rate from. 1. Designed to provide highly uniform conditions for drying and curing that result in a consistent, repeatable product. A freeze-dryer like this has three parts. 70-80% Humidity, and 50-59F/10-15C for dry curing meat. When To Trim Cannabis: Wet vs Dry Trimming. Has anyone tried both from the same harvest? Was there a differnce, other than time??Cannabis plant material is generally dried after harvest, because it cannot otherwise be effectively consumed by traditional methods. Because the water in the buds was active removed and the plant’s chlorophyll didn’t have the time to degrade, the result will be more harsh and less flavorful than those dried by hanging. May 8, 2020. 3. - Vacuum freeze-drying, a method used to salvage water-damaged archival and library materials: a RAMP study with guidelines / prepared by John P. Craftsmanship meets high-tech. Drying chambers can be established for any site. To take full advantage of your light and space, it is recommended to put some reflective material like mylar paper on the walls of your grow space. Setting up the Box. 1. . This simple version doesn't control temperature, just humidity. Once fan leaves are off, cut off individual buds from branches, also called “bucking. 2. Keep these containers at 60 – 65% mugginess, again. Seal the containers tightly and store them in a cool, dark, and dry place. Filtration: Multiple filters are included. Whatever you intend to use it for, building your own DIY freeze dryer can save you a significant amount of money. It’s purpose is to reduce the moisture content of freshly harvested buds while also controlling temperature, air circulation and light levels in order to produce high-quality, potent dried flower. 99). what if someone was to cure it that way. Their goal was to use proven technology for drying food and lumber to create energy-efficient cannabis systems. Hang the Herb Dryer. Pour out alcohol/salt mixture. Lid replaces the lid to the built-in drying chamber on FreeZone 4. Avoid placing them on moisture-retaining materials such as paper. Step 4: Prepping The Walls. In total, the drying process takes around 10 to 14 days for a perfect taste. The Snap Test is one way to determine if your cannabis is ready for curing. When you air-dry buds. Ensure your space has a regular supply of fresh air coming in to replace the stale air. Stir constantly to integrate the ingredients without boiling them. Remove the clear plastic dome from the cloning tray and spray the clones and inside of the dome with water. Forums Growing Marijuana Growing Marijuana Indoors Micro Grows. My new approach is to subject salumi to a week of extensive drying when the meat loses the most water, then mature in the curing chamber at about 78-85% rH and 55-57F. Darwin Chambers designs and produces cannabis drying rooms that are capable of exactly replicating the drying process that is needed to maintain proper levels of cannabinoids and preventing. The drying process is critical to maintaining proper levels of cannabinoids and preventing mold and mildew. To maximize profits and reduce spoilage, it’s important to dry your product as efficiently and quickly as possible. 420 Forums. Drying times will be impacted if the temperature or humidity fall above or below these levels. The humidity of the air is also critical: If it drops below 50%, the buds will dry too fast. First, you need to decarboxylate your dried CBD in the oven. . CANNABIS DRYING ROOMS. Allow the oil to cool until it’s safe to handle and using your syringes, draw the oil up directly from the cooker or pot until they’re full. To calculate the volume of your grow room/tent, multiply its length, width, and height (ideally in feet). I then manually rotate the fan boxes halfway through the drying cycle. Place the cannabis in one ziplock and ethanol in the other. Close it except for a small corner to allow steam to exit. Wait (Yes, this is the hardest part of the whole process. Sublimation. Then you combine the decarbed herb with the oil in a saucepan or slow cooker and slowly heat the mixture to gently simmers. Line the baking sheet with aluminum foil. Daytime temperatures between 75 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit (23. Remoisten when necessary, and check on ‘em once a day – once you see sprouts, you’re ready to roll. The chambers, shelving,. The rapidly expanding industry of cannabis cultivation has led to inquiries regarding controlled environment chambers for processes in this field. After 1-2 weeks remove a couple of bags from opposite corners of the fridge. box chamber cure diy dry Feb 19, 2015 #1 Will99 New Member Hey Guys Just wanted to show you my drying box/chamber I made, Its made from a chest of. Within a day or two you’ll notice buds get a little softer as moisture from the middle of the buds rehydrates the outer parts. Attach air filter to your intake hole if the outside air is dusty (and to protect your. Ideally, place your buds in a pitch-dark room or as close as you can to one. When drying, the humidity range should generally be between 45-55%. This. To create a cold chamber, you would simply plug the refrigerator into the controller, and let it regulate how much it would need to run to keep the desired temp. The motorized lifts allow workers to easily hang or remove plants at an ergonomic level without climbing ladders, reaching, or bending down to tend to plants. Application can be constant during the drying and curing process because there’s no photosynthesis to interfere with. . Our Rapid Extract or Bioburden Redux protocol on a 120kW machine can transform 230 lbs. He harvests his, cuts the buds off, puts them through a commercial trimmer, and then dries the trimmed buds in multi-layered net bags. Instead of using expensive electrically reversible fans designed for commercial kilns, I came up with a simple hardware solution. The results are a significantly. You can hang 10 to 12 lines across the roof from the inside of the tent and have that thing plumb full of branches hanging. This review describes the technology, current. Place the cookie sheet on the top shelf in your oven (oven OFF). Drying tent diy. Powered by state of the art heat pumps, Cann’s closed air-circuit systems are built on industry trusted methods and utilize a modern technology platform. When To Trim Cannabis: Wet vs Dry Trimming. Humidity: 40–60%. The process involves dehydrating the material using freezing and then, by reducing the surrounding pressure, allowing the excess frozen water to evaporate. Here’s a pic of my first gen auto burp. What you need: Air-dry clay. If you need a cannabis drying room, call us today at 877-783-6774 or contact us online for a free quote. Our pick for best multi-chamber grow tent. Silica Gel Chamber. They are circular with layers of mesh lining (great for airflow), and can be lined with flowers. Nitrogen is a dry inert gas commonly pumped into a chamber to lower the relative humidity and purge moisture to protect the materials inside. Top Dry Herb Vaporizers for Vaping CBD and THC Flower. Cannabis drying rooms must be properly ventilated. For those brothers and sisters whom are not bucks up enough to afford to buy one, consider building your own. Temperature: 65-84°F lights on / 60-75°F lights off. 4. Here are the things you need for this cannabis gummies recipe: Step 2. Here’s how: Boil enough water in a kettle or pot to fill your bong. Cann Systems ( began making low-temperature cannabis drying equipment in 2017. It is called the Sun Dry Method, which is one of the best ways to dry weed the right. There is no 'one size fits all' method to preparing your cannabis for extraction. Up to 6oz of cannabis bud/trim. The temperature your weed is exposed to makes a BIG difference to its quality. Magic Herb Dryer 2. com. Harness the cleansing power of boiling water and the citrusy freshness of lemon for an eco-friendly DIY bong cleaner. Proper airflow is essential to ensure even. Fold in opposite ends to cover the buds. Trim wet and put all buds on a hanging herb-drying rack, sometimes called a “high-rise drying rack. The RQS Herb Dryer features a fabric loop on the top side. Buy desiccator cabinets Online from Cleatech’s online store. With this method, the steam from the boiling water rises to the top of the oven, cools, and falls onto the dry buds (Science, y’all!). 8-18. One for air in and one for air out. In terms of convection vaporizers, this device has one of the best. Drying is one of the most critical stages in cannabis cultivation, helping to perfectly fine-tune your cannabis harvest. Features The Harter heat pump-based condensation drying system is ideal for rapid yet gentle drying of cannabis buds and other delicate products. Try it free. Drying in 3 days. After about an hour the buds should be at room temperature; take a reading. Remove the frozen weed and dry ice. KingJohnC. That's because vaporizers heat—but don't burn—herb, oil, or wax forms of marijuana. Step 1: Heat the fruit juice over low heat in a small saucepan. The Original – from the No. Set up the pump. Step 2. Just toss in Boveda to properly protect your cannabis for 2-6 months. Allow the steam to evaporate for 15-20 seconds. Restricting the amount of open space in the cooler will help with cooling. Video Player. $1 million - $3 million. Step 1. ). Thought I'd share pics of the skeleton. Ed’s curing temperatures of 18°C – 21°C (64°F – 70°F) exactly mirror the 33. Select a sturdy wood suitable for construction – like pine or cedar – and cut two pieces at 1 foot in length, two pieces at 2 feet in length, and four pieces at 4 inches in width with a saw. Use your hands or a knife, scissors, or grinder to break the cannabis flower buds into small, pea-sized pieces. At the heart of the ethanol extraction. Build the Cannabis drying room step by step. Overview. I'm almost done with my second try at building my drying tent. In this video I show how to create a dry box to dry your marijuana in a self contained environment. Closed-Loop Chamber Drying. Drying requires the most amount of flexibility and is the process with least control for most. Please read the disclaimer!. Use a ¼-inch barbed connector to connect to the small emitter tubing to the larger ½-inch tubing. A method for drying cannabis plant material, comprising: loading the cannabis plant material into a chamber; setting the humidity of the chamber to a first humidity level for a first time period and setting the temperature of the chamber to a first temperature for the first time period; setting the humidity of the chamber to a second. This should not be too much of a concern in a warm grow room. So some evaporation levels cool the crop and allow the leaves to remain moisturized while growing and developing. Sublimation. Supporter. WELCOME TO THIS DIY First, thank you all for stopping in to check this out. Weight Limit: 150lbs. The timer, air pump, and empty protein powder ( food grade) canister I all ready had. First gather a resealable jar, a citrus fruit, a knife and cutting board, and your dried weed. Secure each joint with small nails or screws so everything stays firmly together.